第十四讲 虚拟语气的句型分类和使用方法
虚拟语气的句型分类和使用方法:
虚拟语气可以粗略地分为两大类:
第一类:should 型虚拟式第二类:were 型虚拟式
1.should 型虚拟式:should + 原形动词(总是省去should, 尤其是在考试时)
这种虚拟式最多用在以下词或句型中:
(1) It is necessary that的主语从句中,如:
It is necessary that the chief should be present personally at the meeting.(主任有必要亲自参加这次会议。)
只须看到necessary,立刻要想到这是should型虚拟式。
记住下面构成should型虚拟式的词:
essential1 (必要的) / important(要紧的) / necessary(必要的) / imperative(迫切的)/ impossible(不可能的)/ natural(自然的)/ preferable(更好的)/ advisable(适当的)/ desirable(理想的)/ urgent(紧迫的)/ incredible3(很难想象的)
(2) order (命令) / recommend(推荐)/ suggest(建议)/ demand(需要) / command(命令)/ propose(建议)/ require(需要)/ request(请求) / insist(坚持觉得)/ urge2(倡导) / advise(劝告)/ ask(需要)/ prefer(宁可)/ desire(愿望)/ move(建议)/ vote(建议)
由这类词构成的宾语从句,主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句或其他有关句型时,都要用should型虚拟式,比如:
It was ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once. (主语从句)
The order was that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(表语从句)
The chief ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(宾语从句)
The order that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once was sent to the branch office.(同位语从句)
(3) 在 in case / lest4 = for fear that(以免 / 以防) 结构中,比如:
He took a raincoat with him in case it should rain (或用真实语气:in case it rained)
She put a wool blanket over the child for fear that (lest) he should catch a cold. (她把一条毛毯盖在孩子身上,以防他感冒。)
可见,此类虚拟语气很容易同意,考试时只须认准了上面的那些字一般就不难作出准确选择。
就解题而言,考生应该注意:1)A的地方总是安排干扰项,如用must, may, might, could等类词进行干扰;2)句中总是省去should, 直接用否定词not + 原形动词的形式,以迷惑考生,比如:
The hou百度竞价推广aster(男舍监)was very strict.He asked that we ______ television on week nights.
A. must not watch
B. not watch
C. should not have watched
D. not be watching
该题中的ask意为需要,故是个should型虚拟式, 正确答案为B.
(4)在it is surprising, disappointing, a pity, a shame, no wonder, simply a miracle5 + 从句的结构中,表示惊讶、开心或遗憾,比如:
It is surprising that she should look so miserable6. (真是奇怪,她竟看起来这样不开心。)
It is a great pity that you should miss such a good film. (你如果错过了如此好的电影那真是遗憾。)
2.were型虚拟式:
所谓were型虚拟式,就是借用行为动词过去时的某个形式与be动词的were这个形式来表达某种虚拟的语气。
因为were型虚拟式主要用在if非真实条件句中,而且它是其他were型虚拟式句型的基础,所以大家先要搞了解if非真实条件句。
(1) if非真实条件句:
条件句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句:
真实条件句是指真实的或可以达成的条件句,比如:If we work together, we are sure to finish the task in time. (假如大家大伙一块努力,就肯定能按时完成任务), 动词用的是真实的时态和形式。
非真实条件句是指对已经发生过的事情,或对不可能发生或达成的事进行假设,比如:假如当时有大夫在,这个孩子就大概得救了,显然,这是对已发生的事情的一种假设,该句的英语表达为:If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved.
为了便于理解和记忆,大家用表格形式加以总结:
时间
动词形式
举例
过去
if条件句:had done / had been结果句:would have done / been If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved.
倒装:Had there been a doctor available, the child might have been saved
目前
if条件句:did / be动词用were结果句: would do (be) If I were you, I would accept his offer. (假如我是你的话,我就同意他的建议。)
倒装:Were I you, I would accept his offer.
If I knew the fact, I would tell you. (我如果了解,我就会对你说)
不能倒装
以后
if条件句:should do (be) / were to
结果句:would do (be) If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. (一旦明天下雨,大家就呆在家。)
倒装:Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
If he were to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem. (如果他晚上会来,我就请他帮助解决这个问题。)
倒装:Were he to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem.
这里重点是要学会好两点:
(A) 虚拟行为或状况发生的时间:过去?目前?还是以后?
(B) 使用了什么相应的动词形式?
补充说明:
(A) 当 if 省略后,要使用倒装形式,如举例所示;
(B) 假如所说的条件是永远不可逆转的。如假如我是你的话(我永远不可能变为你),即便是对过去的假设,也用目前虚拟式表示,比如:
If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (如果换了我,我就采纳他的建议了。)
(C) 结果句中的would 可以参考内容需要,用might, could或should,比如:If she had known7 that you were there, she might have come.(如果她了解你在什么地方,她可能会来的。)但以后虚拟式条件句中的should是以后时的标志词,不可以用would代替,不要搞错了。
(D) 关于含蓄虚拟式:含蓄虚拟式是指虚拟的条件用一种比较含蓄的方法加以表达的虚拟语气,如:我昨天非常忙,要不就来参加你的过生日派对了.其中的我非常忙是真实状况,要不就来参加你的过生日派对了则是虚拟的:I was very busy yesterday, or I would have come to your birthday party.
所以,注意句子中出现的:but, or(不然), otherwise(不然), without(要不是),with(如果有),but that(要不是), but for(要不是), if it were not for / 过去:if it had not been for(要不是 ) 等用来引出含蓄虚拟式的词或短语,比如:But for (或without) your cooperation, we would not have completed the experiment so smoothly8.(要不是你们的合作,大家不可能那样顺利地完成这个实验。)
(2) were型虚拟式的其他使用方法 (同样要遵守过去、目前、以后的虚拟规则):
●wish宾语从句:
I wish that he had not made so much fuss9 about it.(真期望他不要把那事搞大了。- 过去)
I wish that I were a doctor. (我期望我是个大夫就好了。- 目前)
(注:这个句型中也可以用I wish that I was a doctor.)
I wish that the rain would sTOP. (真期望雨能停下来。以后)
●If only(如果就好了)
If only you hadn't offended10 him. (你当时不惹他就好了。- 过去)
If only I had some money on hand now. (我目前手头有的钱就好了。-目前)
If only he could come tomorrow. (他明天能来有多好啊。-以后)
●It is (about / high) time that.(是的时候了)
因为该句型只可以用在目前时间,所以从句的动词只能是过去时形式,比如:
It is high time (that) we began to work. (咱们该开始工作了。)
●As if (though)(好像)
这个句型可以是陈述语气,也可以是虚拟语气。虚拟语气的时态变化原则与wish使用方法相同,比如:
She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own. (她象自己孩子一样热爱婴幼儿园的孩子门。 - 目前)
He talked about China as if he had been there. (他谈起中国来好象去过那里。)
It looks as if it is going to rain.(看来天要下雨。- 陈述语气)
●Would (had) rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer + 从句结构
这几个句型都表示一种婉转的责备,中文常有还不如,宁愿倒期望等意思,比如:
I'd rather she stayed at home in such a bad health condition. (她身体这么差,我倒期望你呆在家。- 目前)
I would just as soon you had returned him the money yesterday. (你还不如昨天就把钱还给他了。- 过去)
I would prefer he didn't stay there too long. (我倒不期望他不要在那儿呆得时间太长。)
比较:
I would prefer that she act the young lady. (我倒觉得她演什么年轻女子做合适。- 表示建议,用 should型虚拟式)
做虚拟语气的题目,总结起来就是两句话:
一是,看清是什么形式的虚拟式,should型还是 were型?
二是,若是were型虚拟式,看清句中所给的时态:过去、目前、以后?
这里的重点是:要对构成虚拟语气的词、词组和句型比较敏锐